The Invention of Nature: Alexander von Humboldt's New World

Humboldt returns to Berlin at the age of 57, facing the stark contrast between his dynamic scientific pursuits and the restrictive duties of court life under Friedrich Wilhelm III. Despite his aversion to the city and the royal expectations, Humboldt seeks to invigorate Berlin’s intellectual scene, particularly in education and science, and he leverages his courtly position to promote and support scientific endeavors.

Upon his return, Humboldt encounters a Prussia characterized by censorship and military omnipresence, with limited political freedoms. He tries to counter this environment by fostering intellectual curiosity and pushing for advancements in science and education. Humboldt’s efforts include plans to establish new scientific facilities and the funding of a school for miners, reflecting his belief in the transformative power of knowledge.

The chapter also portrays Humboldt’s broader disillusionment with the political landscape across Europe, noting reactionary policies that stifle progress and maintain old power structures, as seen in the Corn Laws in Britain and Metternich’s conservative influence in the German states. These political climates contrast with Humboldt’s progressive visions, highlighting his frustrations and the challenges of advocating for change.

Despite these obstacles, Humboldt remains committed to scientific exploration and education. He organizes a series of popular lectures in Berlin, which democratize science by attracting diverse audiences, including many who were traditionally excluded from academic